Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEMS AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Our society today is focusing on a very problem regarding early motherhood. The primary cause of early motherhood is premarital sex. Sexual intercourse nowadays is very common and an open topic between lovers, friends, parents and their children especially in the third world countries such as the US and UK, and also in school. Parents are the ones who would advise their children not to engage in premarital sex as much as possible but if ever it’s an open subject to them, they should advise their children not to forget their condoms or even have their Depovella injection. Our country, Philippines, is not considered a first-world country but since we are westernized, this topic has been open to us. Teenagers and young adults who are not married are already engaging in premarital sex thus becoming young mothers. Premarital sex is not just the one involve here but also the different vices that women are engaged in. different vices such as drinking alcohol and taking drugs will also lead to early motherhood. Many factors are involved in becoming young mothers. These factors may push an adolescent or teenagers to engage in premarital sex and become pregnant. Being pregnant at an early age has different risks. It’s not just the mother that is at risk but also the baby inside the womb. And after giving birth, women at early age still do not know the responsibilities of being a mother in order for the baby to live happily and healthy. Background of the Study Most women today are engaging in pre-marital sex and some of them do not know much on how to protect them from getting pregnant. It’s really sad that when young women are already pregnant, their primary option is to abort the baby inside them. I my opinion, you can’t correct a mistake by committing another mistake. Getting pregnant at an early age is not the baby’s fault; it’s the one making or engaging on pre-marital sex who are to be blamed. Abortion is not just a sin to us humans but most of all to God. Statistics show that a report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2. 9 per 1000 in South Korea. Fertility rates in South Asia ange from 71 to 119 births per 1000 women aged 15–19. 30% of all Indian induced abortions are performed on women who are under 20. In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admi tted to having a premarital sex experience. What’s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. The 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) reveal that 3. million of our teenagers got pregnant. In 92 percent of these teens, the pregnancy was unplanned, and the majority, 78 percent, did not even use contraceptives the first time they had sex. Many of the youth are clueless that even on a single intercourse, they could get pregnant. Being a mother at an early age is a very difficult part to handle because at this point most likely they are not yet finished in their studies and having not graduated from college is very difficult to find noble jobs to sustain a family or the baby’s needs. Even if you have a partner, the father of the child is helping; it still doesn’t change the fact that the nether has the responsibility of taking care of the baby. In this study, we shall discuss the different impacts of being a mother at an early age in relation to their behavioral processes. We shall discuss how early motherhood affects their five (5) aspects: physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and socially. We shall also discuss the factors that pushed teenagers and young adults to engage in pre-marital sex. A thorough study, research and interview will be done. Statement of the Problem The prime objective the study is to know how the behavioral processes of women are affected by early motherhood. Null Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between women engaged in premarital sex and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women engaged in different vices and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women with family problems and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between different forms of media and women experiencing early motherhood. Significance of the Study To the young women This study will enable them to understand the importance of being a mother if they are still young. If they would really absorb the findings of this research paper, they will be more careful in handling themselves in relation to premarital sex. If they are mothers already, their knowledge about handling and understanding their baby’s needs will be broadened. To the Parents This study will enable them to be more alert and responsible in educating their children towards sex. Parents would learn something from the findings the importance of teaching their children the responsibility of being a mother to their baby. To the Government From this study, they will be encouraged to plan and organize programs for the benefit of the teenagers of today to be more careful in having an intimate relationship towards the opposite sex. They should also do something about the problems on widespread porno websites that even an eight year old kid who knows how to operate the computer can access. To the School Administration This study will enable them to be more practical and open in education of sex towards the students. Scope and Limitations of the Study This research focused on the behavioral processes and factors of women experiencing early motherhood. This study includes a number of fifteen (15) young women, their age ranging from 16 to 25 years old, residing near us and they are even our friends. Questionnaires were given for them to answer. Definition of Terms Mother – a female parent; especially, one of human race; a woman who has given birth to a child. Motherhood – the state of being a mother; the qualities of a mother; the kinship relationship between an offspring and the mother. Behavior – manner of acting or conducting yourself; the aggregate of the response or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation. Process – the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. Behavioral Processes – the manner of acting or conducting yourself towards a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature Buergo, Ramon H. â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy†. Healthbeat. The official Publication of the DOH. Issue #53. March-June 2009. This article talks about the reasons and repercussions of being pregnant at an early age, that a lot of young people today have children of their own and the Philippines is not far from this situation. Globally, there are 1. 2 billion youth today. In the Philippines, the total population is 88. 7 million, of which, 27. 3 million (31%) belongs to the 15-24 year old population. By age 17, a total of 7% of young women have been pregnant; by age 18, 11. 9% have been pregnant; and by age 19, 23. 5% have been pregnant. Majority of these pregnancies are out of wedlock and teenage pregnancy is higher among young girls with premarital sex experience. Imagine how sad to know the percentage of these young women in the Philippines is in this situation. Many reasons are involved in this kind of situation. These reasons are of women living away from home, smoking, drinking and using drugs. These risky behaviors may put many young women at risk of teenage pregnancy and thus become early mothers. Many young women got pregnant even for the first time women engaging in sex because they do not know about contraception and they do not know the fertile period of their menstrual cycle. The consequences of what they are doing are still unknown by them. These consequences involve the risk for malnutrition, risk for inadequate prenatal care, and risk for fetal deaths, risk for abortion, and risk for acquiring cervical cancer. These could be avoided if there is proper education to the young ones of today. There should be the responsibility and obligations from the parents, government, and schools. Related Studies Mother is synonymous with responsibility(service), opportunity(special membership in the home), and accountability(day-to-day molding of children’s character and future). Being a mother is having great love to your child whether you are young or not. According to Nestor Casugan Rillona, Th. D. , a loving mother is patient; a loving mother does not push her children into doing things he way; a loving mother is not relieved when her disagreeable child finally disobeys her directly and she can punish; a loving mother bears much of the responsibility for her children; and a loving mother never really dies. A research was made about a myth that a women’s ability to think was impaired by pregnancy and mothering a new born – this condition was referred to as â€Å"baby brain† and they have discredit it. An Australian National University team conducted a 20-year study on health and ageing analyzed the mental function of a group of women before and during pregnancy and in the early stages of motherhood. They didn’t find any difference between the women before and after pregnancy, or before and after motherhood, and there were no difference between the non-mothers and the mothers, and the pregnant women. These women that they used as subjects were given memory and cognitive speed tests three times over eight years which tracks their mental health. The subjects were not told that they are into a pregnancy study when they signed up. The study had found some limited impact on cognitive speed in late pregnancy and the result showed that carrying a baby had no permanent effects on a woman’s mental function. It was found out that â€Å"baby brain† is not inevitable and the perceptions of impairment may reflect emotional or other unknown factors. The attitude of adolescents towards sex is a behavior motivation. The sex behavior of the young has become a problem, not only to themselves but more so to parents, school, people, religious leaders, civic associations, and the government. There is a current need to make our growing girls and boys understand sex and the role it plays in an individual’s life as well as the development of wholesome and desirable sex behavior. Sex is a collective word signifying one of the two divisions of any organism, the male or female and which involves distinction between the two and the relationship of one to the other. Most people today realize the need for sex education, but there is a problem as to when, what and how of sex education. Sex education is not a matter of teaching but it is rather a matter of training, which parents are the best qualified to give. CHAPTER III DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS Profile Presentation Respondents Name Address Age at Pregnancy Age at Present Ritchie Ley Terez P-1, Lower Loboc, 20 yrs. Old 21 yrs. old Oroquieta City Kristy Muriedas Pob. 1, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 21 yrs. Old Princess Amyfe Aguilar Layawan, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Elvie Eleanor Caliao Pob. 1, Oroq. City 24 yrs. Old 25 yrs. Old Q’lydFrances Morales Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. old 22 yrs. Old Airah Sala P-1, Lower Loboc, 24 yrs. old 25 yrs. old Oroquieta City Rubelyn Batoy Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charity Omandam P-1, Lower Loboc 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Oroquieta City Arlyn Sepe Rizal St. , Oroq. City 23 yrs. Old 27 yrs. Old Lady Faith Ingcong Rizal St. , Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 19 yrs. Old Janice Cotales Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charilyn Gemina Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 18 yrs. Old 22 yrs. Old Reley Gumisong Bunga, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Ma. Malyn Ortizo Bunga, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Cielo Mae Gabule Pob. 2, Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 20 yrs. Old Statistics Presentation January – 8 May- 5 September – 14 February – 11 June – 21 October – 10 March – 1 July – 15 November – 3 April – 6 August – 5 December – 12 {draw:frame} Interpretation of Data *Anal*ysis There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that being a mother at an early age you have to commit yourself and your time wholly o your baby. There are 12 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 80% and 3 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 20% meaning majority of the respondents education were affected by early pregnancy and most of them didn’t finish their schooling. There are 4 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 27% and 11 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 73% and it means that majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare and life of her baby. There are 3 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 20% and 12 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 80% and it means that most of them didn’t expect that they’ll be a mother at an early age. There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that all of the respondents changed a lot on their attitude towards patience to their baby and other things. There are 13 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 87% and 2 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 13% and it means that most them considered motherhood as an obligation; that the welfare of their child lies on their hands. There are 8 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 53% and 7 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 47% and in this question the respondents are divided in according to their emotions whether they are stable or not. There are 14 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 93% and 1 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 7% and it means that almost all of the respondents’ social life is affected in the sense that they already have the responsibility to take care of. There are 5 women who answered yes and 10 answered no which means that some of women have regrets and some are happy for having child. There are 11 women who answered yes and 4 answered no which means that they have the confident that they have to raise their child with the full development of all 5 aspects. There 12 women who answered yes and 3 answered no which means that most of them want marriage. There are 13 women who answered yes and 2 answered no which means that love is the reason that motivates them to engage in premarital sex and they don’t have control that is why they got pregnant not at the right age. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that they have the feelings of hatred after giving birth maybe in what happened they can’t accept. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that some of their parents hurt them maybe the parents will not accept in what happened to their daughter for having a pregnant at early age. There are 8 women who answered yes and 7 answered no which means that their self-esteem lowered during pregnancy. Graph Presentation There are 100% who answered yes in question no. 1 in which there lifestyle change when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 80% who answered no in which their education was affected by early motherhood. {draw:frame} There are 27% who answered yes and 73% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare of the child. {draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majo rity of the respondents are expecting or planning to be a mother soon. {draw:frame} There are 100% who answered yes wherein the respondents have become more patient when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents considered motherhood as an obligation. {draw:frame} There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which the respondents are almost divided in half in the question of being emotionally stable or not. {draw:frame} There are 93% who answered yes and 7% who answered no in which almost all of the respondents’ social life are affected when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 33% who answered yes and 67% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents didn’t have regrets in getting pregnant at an early age. {draw:frame} There are 73% who answered yes and 27% who answered no in which the respondents are confident in developing the five aspects of their ch ild. {draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents gave importance to marriage. draw:frame} There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the respondents are motivated by love when they had sex. {draw:frame} There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which the respondents didn’t feel regret in having a child at an early age. {draw:frame} There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which some of the respondents were hurt physically and morally by their parents upon learning that they are pregnant. draw:frame} There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which they are divided almost half towards the lowering of their self-esteem. {draw:frame} CHAPTER IV RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Research Design This research utilized narrative survey method to gather all fats and data concerning the behavioral processes of women experiencing early motherhood. The met hod utilized further to look into the profile in terms of age, location, and behavioral patterns. Research Setting This research was conducted in the house of the respondents in Lower Loboc, Pob. 1, and Lopez Jaena. Research Respondents The study utilized 15 women ages 16 to 25 years old. Research Instrument Utilized This research utilized questionnaires to gather all data and investigation concerning their behavioral process. Data Gathering Procedure We, the researchers asked the permission of the respondents. After the permission, the researchers asked about their profile and there was the submission of profile to the adviser. Questionnaires have been given to the respondents for them to answer. The data gathered in this study were analyzed with the aid of the following questions. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The study deals with early motherhood and how it affects their behavioral patterns in terms emotional, physical, spiritual, mental and social aspects. Being a mother at an early age is not just a problem here in the Philippines but all over the world. It is a question of how you will be able to raise your child when you are not yet finish schooling, you don’t have stable jobs to have an income to support the child’s needs. You don’t have the idea how to raise a child when in fact you’re still a child inside. Motherhood means having the qualities of a mother and as for this statement a woman with a child should be loving, caring, responsible, patient, understanding, and merciful, etc. Having all these qualities of a mother should start from the first day of conception up to the day you die. Motherhood is lifetime commitment. It doesn’t end when your child goes to school or have family of their own. We the researchers were able to gather data and wereable to interpret and analyze them with the best. CONCLUSION After conducting the study entitled; Early Motherhood, the researchershave come up into a conclusions that there is no significant relationship between engaging in different vices and women early mother not just because you don’t have enough knowledge about it and aside from that the baby will burden the consequences and in effect, it leads to poor family upbringing. There is no significant relationship between women experiencing early motherhood and premarital sex. Because you are not at the right age and at the right time. Engaging premarital sex is not allowed in the church especially in the catholic faith. RECOMMENDATIONS The case of early motherhood is increasing year after year because of the widespread of all forms of media. The television, radio, newspapers and internets contains things not suitable for minors and these can be easily accessed, seen, heard, read by ages from 7 up who are able to read and write. These widespread medals should be restricted by the governments, parents, and the schools. The education of sex and everything should start at home by the parents. Parents should educate their children as early as possible as long as they already understand. Sex education is not just about mating but introducing first reproductive organs. An example is that parents should say to their until child the correct name of their genital organs like this not a â€Å"flower† or a â€Å"bridge† but it is your vagina or penis and you have to take care of them until you grow up. When watching televisions, parents should guide their children of what they are watching. The government should widen the campaign for sex education among you’ve women. They should implement programs on making the youth understand the importance of education before entering motherhood. They should also do something about the internet sites that even a 1st grader can access. The school administration should include sex education in all curriculums in high school or college. It should be well explained to the students the importance of finishing school and have stable job before having a baby. There should be counseling about having intimate relationships towards the opposite sex. As to the young women, they should have discipline in taking care of their honor and dignity. They should never engage in premarital sex if possible so to avoid pregnancy. If they can’t avoid engaging in premarital sex, they should know the different kinds of contraception. BIBLIOGRAPHY Rilloma, Nestor C. â€Å"Mandate of Motherhood†. Health and Home, May-June 2003. Buergo, Ramon H. â€Å"Reasons and Repercussions. Teenage Pregnancy†. Healthbeat. Issue No. 53. The Official Publication of DOH, March-June 2009. â€Å"Australian researchers put paid to â€Å"baby brain† myth†. Psychology and Psychiatry. Psyorg. com. 5 Feb 2010. http://www. physorg. com/news184570915. html Singson, Rebecca B. â€Å"Teen Pregnancies in the Philippines†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 14 June 2010. http://ardictionary. com/Mother/7320 http://thefreedictionary. com/motherhood

Drama Exploration †Response Essay

For the response phase of our drama exploration unit, we used two different explorative strategies in order to investigate our characters and help us to be able to define them better and also to allow us to be able to really become the character instead of imitating what we think the character is like. The two explorative strategies we use were called, â€Å"The Watering Hole† and â€Å"Marking the Moment†. The character that I play the part of is called Reg from the play â€Å"Table Manners† by Alan Ayckbourne. He is a realtor and is married to Sarah; they have two children and have what may be called a turbulent relationship. The Watering Hole The first explorative strategy which we covered was called â€Å"The Watering Hole†. During this exercise we were to think of what our character would be like as an animal. We were then to think of what it would be like as a group of this animal, much like flock of geese or a pride of lions. Once we had done this we had to think of a name for our group of animals. Then we had to act out what this group of our character would do at a watering hole and how they would react to other character/animals. In addition to this we had to think of a sound that our animal would make and emulate it. Finally we had to show also how our character would bathe and wash himself once at the watering hole. I was placed in a group with four other people who also played the character of Reg. First we decided that the creature that Reg could be most closely associated with is a sloth. His general disinterest in others and their business is reflected in this. We also felt that a major aspect of his character was that he becomes very engrossed in seemingly irrelevant things, such as when he ignores tom when he is talking about Annie and focuses upon the stale biscuits. This helps to show also that he is interested in feeding himself and in food in general. The only quality of his which did not match the sloth was his very short attention span. So eventually we decided to have a creature that was very slow and disinterested in other creatures, but still one that took passion in food and small items. For the name of our ‘group’ we decided to call it a mob due to the fact that mobs are very disjointed and disorganised and each person is an individual and yet they are still moving in a group. This is appropriate because Reg is not an organised person and he would not work well as a group as he is more of an independent creature. For the voice of our creature we came to the decision that his ‘voice’ would need to resemble that of his actual voice; droning and extremely boring as every other character finds him, he would drink from the pool while very engrossed in the water and would splash around in it and be very amused by it, showing some of his immature side. When faced with the task of acting out what our character would do if he were to wash himself, we chose to just flop onto the mattress (our watering hole) and splash the water and just lie in it as her is not interested in washing himself but in playing in the watering hole. We decided to have different reactions to each character. Name Of Character How we would act? Why we would act this way? Norman Be very calm, even friendly, offering a place at the watering hole. Reg likes Norman, in opposition of all the others who all hate him with the exception of Annie and I think Reg finds him extremely amusing. Ruth Be quite disinterested but also quite friendly. Disinterested because they are siblings and lived together for most of their life and friendly as they have a common enemy in Sarah. Annie Treat her like a loving child and keep her safe from others. Reg would do this because he thinks of Annie as his sweet younger sister and likes to take care of her. Tom Reg treats Tom like a friend. He thinks that he is suitable for Annie. Sarah Be very hostile. This is because he hates Sarah and there is no actual love between them. They are only together because of their children. Marking the Moment The second explorative strategy which we used in order to explore our characters was marking the moment. ‘Marking the moment’ is when a moment in a scene of particular significance is emphasised in some way, this may be by freezing the scene or by using thoughts spoken out loud. Since ‘Table Manners’ is a naturalistic play these methods cannot be used and other methods have to be used. The moment we chose to mark was the point in the play at which it is just Reg and Tom alone together in the dining room. Tom is talking about how he thinks that Annie wanted him to take her on a weekend holiday with him and Reg is talking about golf and his childhood days at which point Tom realises he has missed out on a weekend of pleasure with Annie. This moment is significant because it clearly shows Toms realisation and ignorance and Reg’s disinterest in others’ matters, giving us a clear insight into both characters. We marked this moment by using Tom’s facial expressions to show what he was thinking during Reg’s ignorant speech about aeroplanes. This helped me to understand Reg much better because it showed me that he is a very shallow person and only cares about a few things in life; food, golf and his own personal satisfaction. In conclusion I think that these strategies helped me to better understand my character due to the fact that it forces you to think about what your character would be like outside of the set lines in the play and he or she would be as an actual person and this develops the way I can fit into the role of the character in order to fulfil the role.

Business and Sustainability for Social Media

The management of the modern business entity will be judged by the actions taken in the course of doing business and the impact on the environment in which the business is operating. Ethics in business affects the decisions that will be taken by the management and the leadership of such organizations. Ethics in business is concerned with ensuring practices that will ensure best practices that are sustainable in the long term. Thus business ethics will ultimately lead to practices that are good and legal yet without a legal obligation. The business ethics will be closely linked to the shareholders and their rights, ethical issues affecting employees, impact in the environment and responsibility in production and sourcing. This holistic approach to business coupled with ethical decisions will lead to the business being run sustainably is a   universal ideal that requires a universal code of ethics for global business (Leach   2012)   and can be achieved as seen from the UN Global pact principles of doing business. The answer to the above question will be answered by holistically incorporating responses from several case studies as well as interrogating the application of theories on ethical business. The answer to the question is that there is a need for universal codes of ethics which are global and can be achieved by knowledge dissemination and training as well as setting minimum standards for doing business. The UN Global pact is one such ideal code of conduct which can be applied universally. The principles that underpin the UN Global pact will also be used as a reference point as to whether the ethical business theories espoused can be applied universally and the limitations that may arise. The case studies in consideration are taken from the book by Crane and Matten and are from chapters 3,6,7,8 and 9. The answers to the ethical dilemma posed by the case studies will be used as a consideration to answering the above question. There are two theories that underpin the ethics that are applicable to business ethics. The first theory can be referred to as descriptive and attempts to give a description of the moral systems of a group of people or society. The descriptive theory involves research that is empirical that is undertaken on individuals and societies. The theory integrates topics that cover the relativism of moral systems, values, the concepts of right and wrong as well as ethical ideals (Jaunich 2012). The other theory is the normative theory that proposes to prescribe the correct moral way of acting while doing business (Crane & Matten 2016). These are the rules that help us to differentiate the concepts of right and wrong as well as answering two important questions: how are men expected to behave and what is the ideal good life for men. There are several theories under the normative concept and include the ethical absolutism theory that was developed under the traditional ethical theories European philosophers. The ethical absolutism theory postulates that there are moral principles that are universally applicable to concrete contexts and situations (Fryer 2016). The consequentialist ethical theory bases moral judgment on the ou es of an action that is taken. The corollaries attached to this theory are that right or wrong depends on the results of the action that is taken. Another theory is the utilitarianism theory that posits that an action is morally right if the ou es will result in the greatest good happening to the greatest amount of people. The main corollary attached is that the goodness or badness of the agent is separated from the rightness or wrongness of the action. Other theories include the deontological theory, the virtue theory (Holland & Albrecht, 2013) and the ethical relativism theory. The UN global pact has ten principles that are the foundations expected of panies that run their operations sustainably. These ten principles are expected to be incorporated into the policies, values and strategies of an ethically responsible business entity (UN 2017). The principles are broadly defined within four parameters which are: human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption. The human rights parameter has two principles which are that businesses should respect and support international human rights and also ensure they are not plicit to the abuses of such rights. Four principles fall under the labor parameter which is that businesses should recognize the right to collective bargaining for workers as well as the freedom of association.fro the workers. Another principle is that businesses should eliminate forms of labor which are pulsory and forced the abolition of child labor and eliminating practices of discrimination in respect to employment (UN 2017). Three principles under the environment parameter are that businesses should be cautious in their approach to environmental challenges while doing business. They should also be involved in initiatives that promote environmental responsibility and encourage technologies which are environmentally friendly. The anti-corruption parameter carries the principle of eliminating all forms of corruption, including bribery and extortion. The background to this case study is the setting of production to manufacture the confectionery which is unconventional and uses child labor. While the previous manufacturer in Portugal operated a conventional workshop or factory, the Thai manufacturer has no workshop but rather outsources the work to families who work munally to produce the finished goods (Crane & Matten 2016). While the quality may be the same as the Portuguese manufacturer, there is an ethical dilemma raised as to the use of child labor. The dilemma is that from the point of view of the product manager, child labor is outlawed under the UN labor principles dealing with child labor. Based on the virtue theory, the manager feels guilt (Wang, Cheney & Roper 2016). while purchasing gifts for his nieces when imagining they could be in a similar situation as child laborers. The dilemma is pounded in that this practice is widespread and accepted within the Thai culture but is wrong from the culture of the manager. The theory of ethical relativism would allow the use of child labor in the Thai culture since this practice is right within their norms but the same would be wrong within the culture of the manager. Thus the need for a universal code of conduct would be needed to bridge the gap between what is accepted within one culture and another so that the universal code b es the equalizing consideration as to what is morally right and acceptable. The ethical dilemma in this case study is seen in the manager working for PCC in light of the confidential information that he has access to (Rossouw 2011). The information should be kept confidential and he has a moral obligation to keep the same. He can also use the discretionary information to sell his shares and make a profit out of this information. He is also under the dilemma of whether to inform his best friend who will potentially use the same information to also make a profit by advising his clients to dispose of the shares of PCC (Crane & Matten 2016). The theory of ethical absolutism is applicable in this context due to the right s and responsibilities expected of a shareholder. The manager being a shareholder has a right to sell their shares to others while they also have the responsibility of not misappropriating nonpublic confidential information to trade their shares ( Petrick, Cragg & Sanudo 2011). The misuse of such information constitutes insider trading which is an absolute unethical and morally wrong. Coupled with the UN principles of anti-corruption, the insider trading is a considered form of corruption as well as there is an implied implicit form of human rights abuse to the other shareholders who are not privy to this information. Thus the need of a universal code that would prohibit and hold persons accountable who are engaged in such practices is needed. The moral dilemma in this case is whether to use the information gleaned from the social media site Facebook and use it as part of the critical process to make the decision as to whether to hire the lady in question (Crane & Matten 2016). While the information from the social media site is not acknowledged under law (Beasley & Haney 2013) as being part of the interview process, it carries with it information that if ignored could impact the pany negatively if negatively broadcasted by potential petitors. The use of the utilitarian theory would be applicable in this case as the decision by the human resource manger will produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This would include the pany, the shareholders, and the people under the trial as well as for the current employees (Strand 2014). The decision to hire the applicant with lesser qualifications but deemed to have better moral values will thus result in greater good for more people. The need for a universal code of conduct in business that is ethical is needed so as to ensure that the use of social media can be used with discretion while protecting the right of workers to associate, more so during non working hours. The code would thus balance the right of the worker while at the same time ensure that the rights of the employer are not disregarded for their mutual good. There are ethical issues involved when goods are labeled as organic from the perspective of the consumer. The organic label implies that the goods are produced in an ecologically sustainable and ethical way (Crane & Matten 2016). The implied ethics could be in relation to the treatment of the animals which is ethical and the use of crop husbandry practices which are ethically and environmentally sound. There is also the dilemma posed by the production of food organically as it carries long-term challenges of ultimately being more destructive (Crane & Matten 2016) to the environment through more land required to produce the same amount of food through conventional means. The organic labeling also encourages certification of food that is fraudulent and misleading to the consumer. A consumer purchasing on the eco label might consume food contaminated with pesticides while paying a premium for a lie (Thompson 2015). The moral rights theory that gives the right to life and safety is a right that is often violated within the organic foods industry by the production of food which is unsafe and dangerous while at the same time degrading the environment (Zsolnai 2011). A universal code of ethical conduct in business would lead to certification that is also universal with the same quality expectations in every country of origin. This would eliminate unethical certification and outright fraud within the industry. The ethics of sustainable sourcing is increasingly important aspect of doing business especially for panies that source for their raw materials globally (Akkucuk 2017). The case study on Uzbek goes to show that the use of raw materials that have been grown or sourced within practices deemed to be unethical is no longer acceptable (Crane & Matten 2016). panies that are keen to do business ethically will endeavor to establish a chain along its different suppliers who do not infringe upon the minimum expected standards of doing business (Seay 2015). This may include not using child labor, use of forced labor or payment of wages which are considered as slave wages. This applies also to operations which are run as sweatshops in order to reduce the cost of production. The Uzbek case study is important to show how more than 150 panies who are guided by a universal code of conduct decided to boycott purchasing Uzbek cotton in order to enforce change on production practices (James 2015). This led to the abolition of child labor below 16 years of age and which is one of the principles espoused under the UN Global pact. The principle of eliminating child and forced labor is underpinned by the consequentialist theory of certain ou es following a particular course of action. In this case the use of child and forced labor had the consequences of Uzbek cotton being boycotted. In conclusion, the need for a universal code of ethics for global business is needed in order to ensure that certain standards of doing business are respected across the globe. This will safeguard against differences of what is considered morally right or wrong in different societies as seen in the case study of the Thai manufacturer. The need is also seen in the expected rights and responsibilities of shareholders who are privy to nonpublic information and how to use it ethically. The need for standardized code of ethics for employers is also seen where a code of conduct in the hiring process will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The need for a universal code is not only needed but possible by enacting codes such as the UN Global pact for doing business which will give panies the moral backbone in making decisions not only to protect their brand reputation but to also ensure they run their business sustainably. Akkucuk, U. 2017, Ethics and sustainability in global supply chain management. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Beasley, B., & Haney, M. R. 2013. Social media and the value of truth. Lanham, MA: Lexington Books. Crane, A., & Matten, D. 2016, Business ethics: managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Fryer, M. 2016, "A Role for Ethics Theory in Speculative Business Ethics Teaching", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 79-90. Holland, D. & Albrecht, C. 2013, "The Worldwide Academic Field of Business Ethics: Scholars' Perceptions of the Most Important Issues", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 777-788. James, M.L. 2015, "Voluntary Sustainability Reporting: A Case Exploring Ethical, Regulatory, And Strategic Considerations", Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 91-96. Jaunich, G.J. 2012, Ethics and business decision-making, The College of St. Scholastica. Leach, M. M. 2012, The Oxford handbook of international psychological ethics. New York, Oxford University Press. Petrick, J., Cragg, W., & Saà ±udo, M. (2011). Business Ethics in North America: Trends and Challenges. Journal of Business Ethics, volume 104, pp.51-62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41476057 Rossouw, G. 2011, A Global parative Analysis of the Global Survey of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 104, 93-101. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41476061 Seay, S.S. 2015, "Sustainability Is Applied Ethics", Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 63-70. Strand, R. 2014, "Strategic Leadership of Corporate Sustainability", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 123, no. 4, pp. 687-706. Thompson, P. B. (2015), From field to fork: food ethics for everyone. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. UN, 2017.The ten principles of the UN Global pact. [online] Available at: [Accessed 31 May 2017] Wang, Y., Cheney, G. & Roper, J. 2016, "Virtue Ethics and the Practice-Institution Schema: An Ethical Case of Excellent Business Practices", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 67-77. Zsolnai, L. 2011, "Environmental ethics for business sustainability", International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 892-899.

Commercial agency agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Commercial agency agreement - Essay Example The intended parties to the Agreement will no doubt have meetings first to discuss the terms for the appointment.' It is suggested that they reach some "Heads of Terms" first and that those are then transferred over to the Agreement. It is likely that the terms agreed by the parties and set out in the Agreement will be covered by the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 (Brown, 2006), as amended.' These Regulations deal with the rights and liabilities of parties who have entered into a commercial agency, and deal with such matters as the remuneration to be paid,' the period of notice to be given and the entitlement of the agent in some cases to compensation on the agency being terminated. The Establishment of Agreement covers activities or services that Cockatoo SA provides during the development stage of the partnership. The proposal and development agreements may be carried out by Cockatoo SA directly, or by Consultants and Contractors employed by Cockatoo SA. The Products provided includes the Children's wear provided by the company. The establishment of the agreement is based on Cockatoo SA's provisions, managing and marketing strategies of the selling of the Product. Where the Reseller at this point also intends to undertake meetings and deliberations with its consultants for the possible offer from Cockatoo SA to provide for the Customers demand as reflected on the terms necessary. In addition, the parties may have other terms to agree about this.' It is obviously unlikely that the Agent would agree to the Principal having complete freedom to sell in competition with the Agent. Clause 4 - Terms of Agreement The agreement provides for reasonable and proper costs (including costs of risks not contracted out, insured or covered through the Regulations) to be passed through to the Partnership on an emerging cost basis. If reselling constraints or other concerns mean that the Investor requires greater certainty over costs, it may be possible to offer a fixed price as proposed in the Agreement. However, it is not possible to fix some elements, such as the costs of store enhancements, and a fixed price at this stage will not mean that the costs of the Manufacturing can be fixed. The Principal will have to draw up an account in order to calculate the Commission.' It may be appropriate to add further provisions here as to how the account is to be prepared. Capitalised terms used in these guidance notes are defined in the agreement. This clause includes general provisions as to consents including the fact that Cockatoo SA retains sole discretion in relation to its directives on the Reseller. In

American Popular Culture and Comedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Popular Culture and Comedy - Essay Example This was the overall rating of the TV show. However, individual episodes received ratings that were slightly higher than that of the program. The boyfriend, the Packing Garage, Cheers and Seinfeld are among the greatest sitcoms of all time. The paper wills therefore analyze how these episodes represent the pattern of change in 20 the century TV comedies and TV shows. The paper will also relate the episodes with the work of Joseph Boskin. Seinfeld has been rated among the best TV series in American comedy series. The main aspect that made Seinfeld to have a high rating is its association with American culture. Unlike other comedies and TV series, different episodes of Seinfeld depict or illustrate a pattern of American culture. In addition, the TV show does not mix fiction with reality or emotions and humor. This aspect has enabled Seinfeld to stand out among other American television series or comedy shows aired in the twentieth century. Thus, the differences that stand between Seinf eld and other sitcoms illustrate or depict a pattern through which American comedies and TV series have evolved. Firstly, none of the principal characters in the series is related or has a family connection. This demonstrates a change that came into effect in the first decades of the twentieth century. ... Seinfeld is also among the first TV shows to introduce storylines that are developed during a performance. Although the characters had a pre-written storyline, most of their performance is based on their immediate experience and interaction. This uniqueness also contributed to the popularity of the sitcom. The phenomenon is widely demonstrated in stage performances particular comedy shows. Comedies performed in the last decades of the twentieth century have had a great dependence of the audience (Wiles 67). In addition, comedians in such shows do not act according to a pre written script but most of their performances are based on the present situations. Thus, a comedian will create his jokes according to the expectations of his audience. Criticizing the audience or an issue of current affairs such as news items also formed major subject in TV shows and comedies. The dependence of criticism and current affairs to create a storyline is dependent on the audience expectations. For insta nce, the Packing Garage and The Boyfriend have a significant variation in their usage of current affairs and the audience expectations. In addition, nearly all Seinfeld have unique storyline. This is the second factor that differentiates Seinfeld from other conventional sitcoms and television series. The existence of unique storyline for each episode means that each episode also has independent storyline and screenplay (Wiles 67). This also makes the episodes to have unique themes and have flexibility in relation to the audience. This significant factor differentiates Seinfeld from other TV shows and comedies of the twentieth century. The rise of political humor is another significant aspect depicted in Seinfeld. Although political satire had been a major aspect of TV

Week One Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week One Individual Assignment - Essay Example the threats, the weaknesses the opportunities and the strengths. In diagnosing opportunities and threats, the manager should reflect on Michael Porter’s model for competitive forces in order to diagnose the competitive forces in the particular industry. These forces are very important since they can affect the business profit potential, growth rate or even survival. The business plan should assess these forces. These are the following: competitors, new entrants, customers, suppliers and substitute goods or services. Since the baby clothing store is a start-up business, the new entrants force is not of particular importance for this stage. From the competitors’ side the business owner should check the rivalry among competitors and more specifically should examine the number of firms there are in the particular industry, the rate of the industry growth and the level of fixed costs. The baby clothing store may face the danger of the customers’ bargaining power since the goods it provides are standard and undifferentiated i.e. the customers can find the same or similar ones to other shops and therefore they may force down the prices or buy more goods or services for the same price. A possible solution here would be to offer excellent customer service but this is going to be developed in strategies. The next step in planning is setting goals. The goals should be realistic, challenging but achievable and they can act as a benchmark so the manager can see if s/he meets his/her targets. The goal should be both strategic and financial. Then, the manager should develop and implement strategies. The strategies should be based on extensive market analysis, examination of opportunities and threats and contingency plans if things do not go as expected. From the three strategies i.e. market penetration, market development and product development strategy, it seems that the

PERSONAL EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PERSONAL EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLAN - Essay Example dence of tornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards and other forms of natural disasters are becoming more frequent and more deadly each year that it now poses as a potent threat both to the personnels and students of Indiana University Bloomington because it does not only disrupt the regularity of activity in the campus but can also be destructive to life and property. Earthquakes should also not be discounted even if Indiana University Bloomington is not on a fault line. The most comon threat posed by nature to the students and personnels of Indiana University Bllomington are hurricane, tornadoes and blizzards because of their increased frequency and intensity in the Midwest which IUB is located each year that is caused by the climate change. There are also disasters which are not caused by nature and neither intentional. This are disasters caused by accidents which can also be lethal if the campus personnel and students are unprepared. Given the structure of the campus of IUB, it can be vulnerable to gas leaks and fires. There are also disasters which are becoming common these days which are neither caused by nature nor accidental but is rather intended to inflict harm to other people. These intentional threats can either be carried out by terrorists or by armed individual/s and/or active shooters. The incidence of active shooters in public places has been becoming more frequent that IUB has to prepare for such threat. For IUB community to become prepared for any disastrous eventuality, a vulnerability analysis has to be made to determine where the IUB community is vulnerable to emergencies. This analysis could be used as an input in developing a a mitigation strategies that will alleviate the effect of such disasters. Inclement weather – storms, hurricane and tornado are highly probable given their increased frequency and intensity every year. They do not only disrupt regularity in the school activity but could damage both life and properties. Fires - IUB

The Causes and Consequences of a Currency Crisis Essay

The Causes and Consequences of a Currency Crisis - Essay Example This creates inflation and a current account deficit, which may lead investors to doubt the exchange rate peg. Speculators eventually mount an attack--that is, they demand foreign reserves in exchange for the domestic currency. To defend the peg, the monetary authorities sell off foreign exchange reserves. When the reserves fall to a certain point, the government is faced with a choice: should it break its external promise (to keep the exchange rate fixed) or keep its internal political constituents happy (by not raising taxes or cutting spending) Governments usually choose internal objectives over external constraints; that is, there is a currency crisis. A model like this works well in helping to understand the breakdown of inflationary economies, like Russia in 1998. But such models don't help understand recent crises in Asia. Most Asian countries had admirable monetary and fiscal policies that were viewed as being sustainable. The second model views currency crises as shifts between different monetary policy equilibria; here speculative attacks can be self-fulfilling even against countries with sound policies. In these models, market speculators initiate attacks based on their beliefs about the willingness of policymakers to resist pressure on the exchange rate. When markets perceive that conditions, such as high unemployment or a weak banking system, compromise the central bank's willingness to defend the currency peg by raising interest rates, speculative attacks are more likely to succeed. When a country faces a currency crisis, other countries are affected mainly because of international trade. Thailand faced a financial crisis which led to Malaysia and Indonesia's currency situation as these countries were Thailand's main trade competitors. Hence, trade is regional so currency crises are regional. Recessions are associated with currency crises and Last Name 3 lead to a fall in imports. Trade flows are disrupted as one country's imports fall causes another country's exports to decrease. Once trade flows are disrupted, major issues occur as free trade is a wonderful thing. There are many models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of how a financial crisis is formed. Chang and Velasco (1998) suggest a useful model should consist of the following features, "It must not rely on government misbehavior to generate the crisisIt must be general enough to accommodate a wide variety of macroeconomic circumstancesIt must be specific enough to explain why in some of these macroeconomic scenarios a crisis occurs, and in some it does notIt must account for the high observed correlation between exchange rate collapses and banking crisesIt must replicate the puzzling fact that the punishment is much larger than the crime" The transferring of information in international financial markets can cause most of the information to become trapped. Minute changes in information can cause incredible behaviour by international investors. During a currency crisis, governments tend to expropriate foreign funds in an attempt to raise funds. (Chari and Kehoe, 1997). Their model implies that only governments with weak reputations are subject to volatile capital flows. Thailand faced incredible external (foreign) debts. As its debts increased, creditors wondered if it could meet its obligations. Hence, supply

Constitutional Law and Offender Treatment Analysis Essay

Constitutional Law and Offender Treatment Analysis - Essay Example Therefore, the justice system has been given power in line with the enacted laws to ensure that the powers granted are implemented by all sectors in compliance with the statutes. This paper therefore aims to identify and examine the statutory authority and responsibilities of justice system officials, security personnel, and private citizens regarding investigation, detention and the arrest of suspected offenders. It will particularly make an evaluation on the psychological and physical treatment of suspected offenders and associated laws by all concerned parties including the police, private security personnel, and the wider society. The paper will also examine the various laws in relation to the use of force by public police and private security.  Finally, it will examine the manner in which established laws affect public safety and individual rights associated with probation, parole, and correctional organizations. Constitutional Rights The U.S. Constitution's Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments, through the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment, provide the rights relating to criminal laws that all citizens have. The Fourth Amendment forbids unrealistic and unwarranted searches and arrests of citizens and their property. The Sixth Amendment provides for rights and freedoms for criminal suspects. The amendments provide for a speedy and extensive investigation by the judge followed by a fair hearing in court. The constitution also has provisions that protect the suspect from harassment, intimidation and torture by the police, justice system and the wider society (Legal Rights Hand Book, 2005) Rights of Citizens The Constitution guarantees citizens the right to life, freedom of movement, speech, association etc. as long as the rights bestowed do not result in the violation of the rights of another individual or the State. If a citizen of a particular country feels that his or her rights have been violated he or she has the right to inform the police for intervention. However, in the event that the life of an individual is in danger hence cannot wait for police intervention that individual has the right to act in self-defense. For instance in South Africa in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Act(sec 42) an individual who is not a security personnel has the right to arrest an individual suspected of committing crime without a guarantee under special circumstances (Vuuren, 2000). The Justice System is the branch of government that is responsible for the execution and enforcement of laws that are enacted by legislature. The security personnel that include the public police and private security personnel have the duty of ensuring that the citizens follow the law and therefore help in maintaining law and order. When citizens fail to obey and respect the laws in place the police are entitled to act within the law and ensure those responsible for committing crimes are brought to justice by carrying out speedy and appropriate inves tigations and arresting the culprits. After the police have carried out extensive investigations, the justice system has the authority of using the evidence presented to sentence the offenders in accordance with the law. Once the offenders have been sentenced, it is the duty of the correctional centers such as prisons, parole and probation centers to ensure that the offenders serve their sentence and reform

The Island of Human Nature Essay Example for Free

The Island of Human Nature Essay When Lord of the Flies was first released, William Golding described the novels theme in a publicity questionnaire as an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. (Kennard) Since the island is a microcosm, Golding uses it to reflect our world and give comments on it and his view of human nature. In the novel a group of children are stranded on an island when their plane crashes. The freedom of having no parents while living in a society that does not enforce rules and laws are eliminated. In this novel William Golding uses the objects, characters, and setting show that what happened in the story is just not a story; they help prove the author’s belief that humankind is savage. Each character signifies an important idea or theme from our world, and the statement he makes about human nature is that mankind will turn savage for supremacy. As the novel is an allegory, each character is symbolized clearly as someone in our society. â€Å"Piggy could think. He could go step by step inside that fat head of his, only Piggy was no chief. But Piggy, for all his ludicrous body, had brains (Golding, 71). † Piggy is the scientific and intellectual aspect of society. He is a thinker, philosopher and someone who always advises for good. Similarities to Albert Einstein can also be seen in Piggy, because people did not care that he thought the atomic bomb was a bad weapon just like no one cared about what Piggy said or did. Another main character, Ralph, is like Franklin Roosevelt, who could not stop World War Two from breaking out. He signifies the confused that are always uncertain in the recognition between good and evil: The failure of the island society comes about because of an innate tendency towards violence in the boys. Golding is, then, in opposition to the romantic notion of noble primitives knowing the distinction between good and evil. Human beings are not innately innocent, so human progress is unlikely. (Kennard) When the kids on the island are confronted with a choice between reasons civilizing influence and animalitys self-indulgent savagery, they choose to abandon the values of the civilization that Ralph represents. Ralph in Lord of the Flies also represents democracy and is responsible. He is the politician who relies on social order and government, and his political failures show that he cannot oppress the evil within the other boys. One of the most influential boys whose evil Ralph cannot control is Jack. Jack is a symbol of Adolph Hitler. He is a crazy leader who killed many people because he wanted dominance. ?Like Hitler, Jack is a dictator; he is ignorant. Jack is the hunter who is consumed by his own fear and the greater force of his own capacity for evil. Roger is even worse than Jack, even though he is not like that from the beginning. He is similar to Satan or even Dr. Mengele who was Hitler’s worker and did horrific operations on people. Roger is cruel and has gone far beyond from being a savage because he purposely, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever, resulting in Piggy’s death. Struggles between moral conscience and a heart of darkness are symbolized in the conflict between Ralph and Jack. That also represents the struggle between the forces of civilization and anarchy. The tussle between Jack and Ralph for leadership is the allegory of our political leaders who always fight and kill for the sake of control. In the same way that the way the boys are being lead astray by Jack, the leaders of our world take advantage of the masses. The impulses and the behavior of the boys are those of adults. Like adults, he boys realize that the only way that they will keep everyone alive and safe is through rule, yet the frustration of living apart from society tempts many boys to unleash the evil inside them. At last, when no one follows order anymore, the boys hand themselves to bestiality and surviving becomes a combat in between the two tribes. This same choice is made constantly all over the world, all throughout history — the source of the grief Golding sought to convey. â€Å"Lord of the Flies is concerned with the fall of man to savagery with the loss of innocence. † (Kennard) He places supposedly innocent schoolboys in the protected environment of an uninhabited tropical island to illustrate the point that barbarity is not confined to certain people in particular environments but exists in everyone. William Golding shows that the smallest boys acting out, in innocence, is the same as the cruel desire for mastery shown by Jack and his tribe while hunting pigs. The adults waging the war that stranded the boys on the island in the first place are also enacting the desire to rule others. Many aspects of Lord of the Flies can symbolize the struggle for command. Our world is very fertile like the island, but in their ambition to get the supremacy the leaders destroy this world just like the boys who burn the whole island to ashes without realizing that they are destroying their own means of survival. The division of the boys in litluns and biguns is the allegory of the classes in our world. Litluns symbolize the common people, while the biguns are the metaphor of the ruling, powerful and political classes. The island on which the boys find themselves is allegorically our world in miniature. Lord of the Flies was driven by Goldings consideration of human evil, a complex topic that involves an examination not only of human nature but also the causes, effects, and manifestations of evil. Each character signifies an important idea or theme from our world, and the statement he makes about human nature is that mankind will turn savage for supremacy. Golding addresses these topics through the intricate allegory of his novel.

Acid Leaching for Metallic Impurities

Acid Leaching for Metallic Impurities Acid Leaching for Metallic Impurities Evaluation of Some Mineral Ores in Nigeria *R.L. Tyohemba1 S. K. Emgba2 Abstract There is every need to access the impurity ratio of mineral ores in order to furnish investors and industrialists with information required to weigh the gains of venturing into their exploration. Metallic ores including; Zinc ore (Sphalerite), Iron ore (Magnetite), Iron ore (Heamatite), Copper ore (chalcocite), Lead ore (Galena) and gypsum were obtained from the National Geological Survey Kaduna. The ore samples were grounded and digested with aqua regia solution to leach their metallic constituents using standard method. The main metallic components of the ores viz: Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb and Ca were determined by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Biotech FAAS Phoenix 986) alongside their associated impurities. Galena (Lead ore) recorded the highest metallic impurity content of about 28.64 % and was followed by Sphalerite with about 6.31 % metallic impurities. The other ores recorded Zn>Mg>Ni>Pb. The impurity content of heamatite and magnetite were of the same trend in the orde r Mn>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb. However, heamatite recorded higher Fe content than magnetite. Galena contained 534.50 mg/Kg (71.36 %) lead content with its associated impurities present in the order Zn>Mn>Cu>Cd. Sphalerite contained 8362.22 mg/Kg (93.69 %) as zinc while its associated impurities were present in the order of Cu>Fe>Ca>Mn>Pb. In gypsum, its Calcium content was (97.15 %) with its associated metallic impurities in the order Mg>Fe>K>Cr>Pb. The studied ores had a very high level of their major metallic constituents with only Galena which had a high level of impurities. Thus these ores could be good feedstock to mine their principal components. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Nigeria is richly endowed with a variety of mineral resources, fossil fuelsand solid minerals ranging from precious metals, various stones to industrial minerals such as Lead(Pb), Feldspar(xAl(Al,Si)3O8), ron magnetite(Fe3O4), iron hematite(Fe2O3), gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O),copper(Cu), Kaolinite(Al2O5(OH)4Si), Zinc(Zn), Limestone(caco3) e. t. c. Most of these are yet to be exploited. Statistically, the level of exploitation of these minerals is very low in relation to the extent of deposits found in the country. The presence of impurities in ores is inevitable due the nature of their occurrence. Impurities in minerals may be caused by simple admixtures or by crystal chemical substitutions [1]. Impurities are often responsible for colour changes. Natural impurities are common in minerals, as is the propensity for one element to slip into the crystalline structure in place of some other element. Exchanges of these forms do not cause a modification in mineral name as long as the replacements m ake up only a small proportion of the entire structure. Oxides nodules of Ni, Co and Cu have been found to occur in lattices of iron and manganese [2]. Associated impurities of zinc(II) such as lead, iron, Copper, Silver etc., contained in are said to be found present in Nigerian sphalerite mineral[3]. The high manganese content of the sphaleritesleave them incongruous for processing by conventional smeltingtechniques, facilitating the inevitability to design and construct an onsiterefinery that is specifically suited for Gamsberg ores and concentrates [4]. Naturally occurringsphalerite commonly incorporates variable concentrations ofimpurities (e.g. Fe, Cd, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Ge, In) that substitute zincin lattice sites. For example, FeS concentrations can range up to25 mol. %, while MnSseldom reaches up to 14 mol.%. Consequently,the high extent of stoichiometric inconsistency observedhas a marked effect on the processing, as high levels of theseimpurities in some zinc concentrates, i.e. Gamsberg, renders themunsuitable for processing by tr aditional operations.Copper is associated with basemetals such as nickel and cobalt. Studies have also been carried out on representative samples of Kà ¼re (Turkey) where massive rich copper ore were leached in acidic ferric sulfate solutions in order to recover copper and its associated metals (Zn, Co, Ni) present in the ore[5].The minerals of lead and zinc are naturally associated with eachOther.In many parts of the world, significant deposits of these mixedsulphide–oxide lead and zinc ores are found with the main sulphideand/or oxidised ore bodies. Because of their complex mineralogy,these ores are very difficult to deal with from a mineral processingpoint of view and they are very often left untreated as a result of themetallurgical difficulties encountered in extracting lead and zincfrom them. Although the primary sources of the metals are leadand zinc concentrates from sulphide and oxidised ores, as suppliesof these deplete, the processing of mixed ores must be considered[6]. Also, the lead-zinc ore from a mine is featured by complicated copper-lead-zin c intergrowth and uneven dissemination size. Besides, the minerals containing copper activate by nature the mineral containing zinc, causing difficulty of separation of copper, lead and zinc minerals [7].There also published data on the presence of metallic impurities including; Fe, Se, Mg, Al, Si, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, La, Ce, Nd and Y which were removed from desulpurized gypsum [8]. Hayward and Quincy [9] developed a method for the treatment of iron ores containing impurities such as aluminium, silicon, chromium, nickel and cobalt from iron ores of the type which contain nickel in excess of 0.25% and chromium in excess of 0.5%, such as for example those ores found in Cuba known as Mayari ores. The impurities which are present in all iron ores such as sulphur, phosphorus, manganese and silicon appear in iron and steel made there from. Such impurities are generally undesirable in iron alloys, but it has not been possible to remove them completely, and only high grade iron ores are used at present in the production of iron. For this reason, various low grade iron ores have been wholly rejected, either because of their high contents of the impurities mentioned or because they contain varying amounts of base metals [10]. These bulks of impurities mentioned in the essay have obvious unattractive characteristics that will increase the cost of mineral processing. There exist speculations that mineral ores in Nigeria are characterized by high levels of impurities. It then becomes imperative to access these mineral ores and their impurity ratios to furnish investors and industrialists with information that will help to estimate cost of production as well as to find suitable methods applicable for their purification. 2.1 METHODOLOGY 2.1.1 Sample Collection and Preparation Mineral ores including; Zinc ore (Sphalerite ZnS), Iron ore (Magnetite – Fe3O4), Iron ore (Heamatite (Fe2O3)), Copper ore (chalcocite Cu2S)), and Lead (Galena-PbS) were obtained from the National Geological Survey Kaduna. The samples were stored in the laboratory for the study. The ore samples were grounded using a porcelain mortar and pistol sieved and digested to leach their metallic constituents using the procedure described below. 2.1.2 Acid leaching of ore samples for metallic content determination. This was carried out as described by the ISO (1998)procedure [11]. 1g of the grounded air dried ore sample was transferred into a 250 ml reaction vessel (Teflon digestion bomb). 10ml of the mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in a ration of 1:3 (aqua regia) was added unto the reaction vessel containing 1g of dried sample and heated using hot plate inside a fume hood until white fume was observed and allowed to cool. The reaction vessel was allowed to stand so that most of any insoluble residue settles out of suspension. The relatively sediment-free extract was decanted carefully onto a filter paper, collecting the filtrate in a 100 ml volumetric flask. All the initial filtrate was allowed to pass through the filter paper, and the insoluble residue was washed onto the filter paper with a minimum amount of nitric acid (0.5 mol/l). The filtrate so collected was collected alongside the initial filtrate and the volume of the flask was made up to mark with deionized water. The extract thus prepared was ready for the determination of the studied metals, by an atomic absorption spectrometer (Biotech FAAS Phoenix 986). 3.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1.1 Metallic Content of Copper Ore (Chalcocite). The result of metallic content of copper ore is presented in table 1. The concentration of copper in the ore was found to be 10341.73 (mgkg-1) representing about 97.7% of its metallic content covered by this work. Other metallic constituents which are considered to be impurities were also found present. Hence, Ca (99.65 (mgkg-1), Mg (63.89 mgkg-1), Ni (9.38 mgkg-1), Pb (1.99 mgkg-1) and Zn (73.26 mgkg-1) in the order Ca>Zn>Mg>Ni>Pb. These metallic ions exists in their +2 oxidation states as copper and could replace the Cu2+ in its lattice sites. In a similar work by [5], massive rich copper ore was leached in acidic ferric sulphate solutions and was able to recover copper and its associated metals (Zn, Co and Ni). Table 1 Metallic content of Copper ore (mg/Kg) 3.1. 2. Metallic content of the studied Iron ores (Heamatite and Magnetite) Presented in table 2 are the available metallic contents of the studied iron ores. The mount of iron in the heamatite ore was found to be 6488.19 mgkg-1, representing (97.3) % of the total metallic content evaluated in the study. The iron content of magnetite was 5571.81 mgkg-1, representing 96.99%. However, an interesting trend was observed in the variation in the amount of metallic impurities which were found present in these iron ores. Both heamatite and magnetite varied in their level of impurities in the order Mn>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb. Oxides nodules of Ni, Co and Cu have been found elsewhere to occur in lattices of iron and manganese ores [2]. Hayward and Quincy [9] had already identified impurities such as Aluminium, Silicon, Chromium, Nickel and cobalt from iron ores of the type which contained nickel in excess of 0.25%. The values reported in this study for both iron ores are lower in nickel content than those recorded above (0.21 and 0.18) % nickel for heamatite and magnetite respect ively. As earlier stated in literature, iron alloys are generally undesirable but it has not been possible to remove them completely, and only high grade iron ores are used at present in the production of iron. For this reason, various low grade iron ores have been wholly rejected, either because of their high contents of the impurities mentioned or because they contain varying amounts of base metals [10]. From the results presented in this study, Nigerian iron ores are of high iron content with very minimal impurity content in the ratio of (1:35 and 1:32) iron to metallic impurities content of heamatite and magnetite. Table 2 Metallic content of iron ores (HeamatiteMagnetite) (mg/Kg) **H: Heamatite **M: Magnetite 3.1. 3 Metallic Content of Lead Ore (Galena) The recorded amount of Pb in the galena ore was 534.50 mgkg-1, representing (71.36) % Pb content of the studied metallic components. Also, other metallic components considered to be impurities including; Cadmium, Copper, Manganese and Zinc were found present in the ore as presented in table 4 in the order Zn>Mn>Cu>Cd. The metallic impurities of Zn and Mn were present in relatively large amounts. (i.e. 14.21 and 12.85) %. The minerals of Lead and zinc are naturally associated with each other. In many parts of the world, significant deposits of these mixed sulphide-oxide lead and zinc ores are found with the main sulphide and/or oxidized ore bodies. Because of their complex mineralogy, these are very difficult to deal with from mineral processing point of view and they are very often left untreated as a result of the metallurgical difficulties encountered in extracting lead and zinc from them [6]. Table 4. Metallic content of Lead ore (mg/Kg) 3.1.4 Metallic Content of Zinc ore(Sphalerite) The results are found in table 5. Zinc content was determined to be 8362.22 mgkg-1 (93.69) % of the ore’s metallic content studied. Other metallic components which are considered to be common impurities associated with zinc ores were also found present in the other Cu>Fe>Ca>Mn>Pb. The occurrence of zinc with such impurities has earlier been reported in the previous session. Table 5. Metallic content of Zinc ore (mg/Kg) 3.1.5 Metallic content of gypsum Heiska (2011) have reported the presence of metallic impurities including; Fe, Se, Mg, Al, Si, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, La, Ce, Nd and Y in gypsum. As presented in table 6, the main metallic component of gypsum which is calcium was evaluated to be 9921.03 mgkg-1, representing 97.15 % of the total metallic content of the studied metals. Other metals such as Cr, Fe, Mg, K and Pb were found present in the acid leached mineral in the order Mg>Fe>K>Cr>Pb. The dominance of Mg as an impurity in this ore is much expected as the metal ion (Mg2+) is known to occur in areas where there calcium deposits exchanging at its lattice and together causing water hardness. Table 6. Metallic content of Gypsum ore (mg/Kg) 3.1.6 Main metal component and impurities ratios of studied ores In table 7 and fig. 2, the summary of these ratios are presented. Lead ore had the highest level of total metallic impurities recording about 28.69 % as impurities in its ore. Others had low metallic impurities in them. Zinc ore recorded less than 10 % as metallic impurities. On the other hand, metallic impurities in copper, heamatite, magnetite and gypsum were less than 5 %. Table 7.Metal/metallic impurity ratios of studied ores. Fig.2 Metal/metallic impurity ratios of studied ores 4.1. Conclusion The analysis of metallic content of some of the Nigerian mineral ores presented from the result indicates that the studied metallic ores are rich in their principal metallic constituent. The only exception observed is the high impurity content of galena (Lead ore). All the other mineral ores had a little percentage of metallic impurities in them. It is gain saying that these raw materials could serve as very rich industrial feedstock that will require little processing and thus serve cost. The high Zinc and Manganese content of the galena is disadvantageous in terms of the metallurgical process that will be required to recover the major metallic content as well as the appreciable contents of the other metals which are equally of industrial importance. REFERENCES [1] Smykatz-kloss, W. Determination of impurities in minerals by means of Standard Differential Thermal Analysis, â€Å" Purity Determination by Thermal Methods, ASTM STP 838, R.L Blaines C.K. Schoff, Eds., American society for Test and Materials, 1984, 121-137. [2] Zhang, W and Cheng, C. Y. (2007). Manganese metallurgy review. Part I: Leaching of ores/secondarymaterials and recovery of electrolytic/chemical manganese dioxide. Hydrometallurgy 89 (2007) 137–159. [3] Alafara,A. B and Folahan, A. A (2011).Beneficiation of a Nigerian sphalerite mineral: Solvent extraction of zinc byCyanex ®272 in hydrochloric acid. Hydrometallurgy, Hydrometallurgy 109 (2011):187–193. [4] McClung, C. R. and Viljoen, F (2011). A detailed mineralogical assessment of sphalerites from the Gamsberg zincdeposit, South Africa: The manganese conundrumMinerals Engineering 24 (2011) 930–938. [5] Arslan, F, Bulut, M. Olgaà §Kangal, K. TahsinPerek, AlimGà ¼lSebahattinGà ¼rmen (2004). Studies on leaching of massive rich copper ore in acidic ferric sulfate solutions. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 33(1):6-14. [6] Olubambi, P.A., Ndlovu, S., Potgieter, J.H. and Borode, J.O. (2008).Mineralogical characterization of Ishiagu (Nigeria) complex sulphide ore.Int. J. Miner. Process. 87 (2008) 83–89. [7]Ma, J., Ren, J. and Yuan, L (2008). Flotation experimental research of multi-metal sulphide ore. Northwest Geological Research Institute of Non-ferrous metallic ores, Xian 710054, China. [8] Heiska, P (2011). Methods of purifying gypsum. US Patent 20110044883. [9] Hayward, C.R. and Quincy, M (1948). Treatment of iron ore containing impurities including nickel and chromium. US patent. No.45862. New York. [10] Meyer, R. (1931). Process of Beneficiating iron ores. US Patent. Series No.527367. New York. [11] ISO 11047. 1998. Soil Quality – Determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese nickel and zinc. Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods.International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland. 6 p. (available at www.iso.ch).

The Many Infectous Diseases Caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes Essay

Streptococcus Pyogenes: Multi-Purpose Monsters Streptococcus pyogenes is a type of group A streptococci that causes many infectious diseases. This bacteria is commonly found in a variety of organisms, but is usually harmless unless the organisms defenses are compromised. When detrimental, group A streptococci cause infections such as impetigo, ecthyma, scarlet fever, and necrotizing fasciitis. Each of these infections displays different symptoms and requires different treatment. These treatments are primarily by antibiotics, because antibiotics are still the chief cure for GAS bacterial infections. One of the most interesting, rare, and fatal infections caused by streptococcus pyogenes is necrotizing fasciitis, and though it can cause some severe symptoms, a simple dose of antibiotics can prevent or even cure this dangerous infection. Streptococci are a large, diverse group of bacteria that are gram-positive cocci (Sharma). Streptococcus Pyogenes, a group A Streptococcus, is a universal organism that can cause many different diseases in humans (Sharma). Group A Streptococci are commonly referred to as GAS and they are commonly identified on blood agar plates as white or gray colonies (Sharma). They commonly appear in pairs or short chains that are non-motile and non-spore-forming (Sharma). Additionally, they have a fermentative metabolism, and are facultative anaerobes that require blood to grow (Todar). For this reason, GAS bacteria are often found in mammals. It is estimated that 15%-20% of all healthy individuals harbor this pathogen in their bodies, specifically their respiratory tract—without signs of disease (Todar). However, it is believed that the bacteria can cause harm if the organism’s defenses are compromised or th... ...July 2008 . DeLeo, Frank R., and Michael Otto. Bacterial Pathogenesis Methods and Protocols. Methods on Microbiology 431. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. â€Å"Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Bacteria).† WebMD. 6 Dec. 2007. Healthwise Inc. 14 July 2008 . Rene, Caravano. Current Research on Group A Streptococcus . Paris, France: Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1968. Sharma, Sat, MD. â€Å"Streptococcus Group A Infections.† eMedicine. 5 May 2006. WebMed. 24 July 2008 . Todar, Kenneth. â€Å"Streptococcus Pyogenes.† Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology. 2002. University of WIsconsin-Madison. 14 July 2008 .

Comparing Two Magazines Essay -- Compare and Contrast

Comparing Two Magazines For my compare and contrast essay, I have decided to compare two magazines in the financial and business world of entrepreneurs. The name of the first magazine is † Small business opportunities† and the second magazine is â€Å"Entrepreneurs – Be your own boss† The theme of the first magazine is to highlight, how and what type of businesses to start and make money without putting in much of the hard work. The very first page of the magazine shows an absolute image of the man and women dressed up with lots of money and a road of success. The magazine rapidity claims† Sure ways to make money†. It seems like editor is personally involved in guaranteeing the success of the business with highlighting text displaying â€Å"Make $40 Million with eco-friendly herbs and sprouts† or â€Å"Make 15 million in the first year with Dollar Varity stores† As I am turning and reading pages more and more, I realize that this magazine is not meant to show issues, techniques, pros and cons of starting up a business but it is more like infomercials showing the top returns one can reap from his investments. The magazine forces me to realize that I am missing a essential experience in my life by not starting up the business. The magazine displays beautiful color and picture schemes. The magazine also highlights few of the success stories of the entrepreneurs. Overall this magazine makes business as a seamless transition of normal day today activity to a profit generating machine, ...

Legislation and Prostitution: Do They Coincide? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

'Legislation and Prostitution: Do They Coincide? Throughout research the question: 'What exactly is the definition of pornography?,' has been asked several times. This is the answer to this very common question, "according to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1973), pornography is 'Written, graphic, or other forms of communication intended to excite lascivious feelings.'" Pornography being such a broad topic as it is has been reduced and in this reading the basis of pornography, will be centered around, Legislation in part with Prostitution. Prostitution. What comes to mind when one hears this word? Cheap, degrading, trashy, offensive,...any other adjectives come to mind? What about accepted? Shocking as it may seem, but research has shown that in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, prostitution was accepted. Prostitution is defined as "a socially identifiable group of women (who) earn their living principally or exclusively from the commerce of their bodies." There were certain rules however, a prostitute was not allowed to be with good men and could not be near the church. Prostitution became institutionalized by the Fifteenth Century and if a prostitute lived on a public street she was punished. Their punishment for their first offense was only a fine, but by their third offense they had to pay a fine and were also punished by "running the town, beating, and banishment from the town." These were the laws and if disobeyed, that was the punishment. At the time this book, Bad Girls and Dirty Pictures, was written there were no laws against pornographic material in any form. In fact, 'The First Amendment to the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution' states that, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This right is either absolute or it does not exist." Anywhere in the First Amendment was there any violation of what pornography stands for? There was not any laws that prove the violation of pornography. These are laws against things that are considered obscene or too explicit. If there were no laws, movies would not be rated and magazines of any sort, would be available anywhere and to all age groups. Some

The Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymers Engineering Essay

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVESEthylene-propylene-diene terpolymers ( EPDM ) have been widely used in industrial applications because of their first-class opposition against heat, ozone and weathering, every bit good as their unusual handiness of accepting high burden of fillers [ 1-3 ] . Support in the public presentations of gum elastic compounds, such as tensile strength, resiliency, wear opposition and flex opposition, can be achieved by lading the compounds with particulate fillers. Different classs of C black are the well-known conventional fillers used in EPDM gum elastics compounds [ 4 ] . Increasingly, mineral fillers like silicon oxide and clay have attracted more attending as they cost less and give less wellness jeopardies [ 4 ] . But due to the hapless silica-rubber bonding, the support by silicon oxide has non been to the full exploited [ 4, 5 ] . The handiness of silanised silicon oxide, which is normally obtained by pre-treating silicon oxide with Bi ( 3-triethoxysilylpro pyl ) tetrasulphane ( TESPT ) , a yoke agent, adheres silicon oxide to the gum elastic [ 6 ] . Furthermore, it is attractive that the sulphur-bearing bifunctional organosilane can besides assist to bring forth crosslinks between gum elastic ironss with the presence of gas pedals and activators at elevated temperatures, i.e. 140-240A °C [ 5-12 ] . The presence of TESPT improves the remedy procedure in silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastics with other common vulcanizing systems. Though many research workers have made attempts to look into different remedy systems for EPDM gum elastics [ 3, 4, 13-17 ] , the inquiry on the efficiency of remedy systems for commercial production remains unfastened. That gives the aim of this undertaking which is as following: Using different remedy systems to crosslink silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic ; Assess efficiency of the remedy systems ; Choose the most efficient one for bring arounding the gum elastic. This literature reappraisal foremost introduces the basic background of EPDM gum elastic, including composing, chemical construction and corresponding belongingss and industrial applications in Section 2. Then a brief overview of the preparation of silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic compounds is given in Section 3, followed by the elaborate debut of recent plants on fillers and remedy systems for silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic in Sections 4, 5 and 6. Finally, the undertaking program will be discussed.BASIC BACKGROUND OF EPDM RUBBERTerpolymerisation of ethene, propene and a non-conjugated diene gives EPDM gum elastic with a concentrated ethylene-propylene anchor and unsaturation site in the side group, introduced by diene monomers [ 17 ] . Generally, ethene and propene monomers are the major constituents in an EPDM, supplying inherently first-class opposition against debasement by heat, visible radiation, O, and, in peculiar, ozone [ 18 ] . The little sum of non-conjug ated diene monomers place the reactive unsaturation sites available for sulphur vulcanization or polymer alteration chemical science, as the dienes are so structured that merely one of the dual bonds will polymerize [ 19 ] . Figure 1 EPDM ternonomers The three co-monomers used in industry are present in Figure 1. Each diene monomer incorporates with a different ability of triping long concatenation ramification or polymer side ironss, hence affect the processing and vulcanization procedure [ 20 ] . The most normally used termononer is ethylidene norborne ( ENB ) as it can integrate easier and has greater responsiveness with sulphur vulcanization [ 19 ] . The chemical construction of EPDM with ENB termonomer is illustrated as follows: Figure 2 Chemical construction of EPDM A general sum-up of belongingss of EPDM gum elastic is listed in Table 1 below. Table 1 Properties of EPDM gum elastics Polymer Properties Mooney Viscosity, ML ( 1+4, 125A °C ) 5 to 200 Ethylene Content ( wt. % ) 45 to 80 Diene Content ( wt. % ) 0 to 15 Specific Gravity ( gm/ml ) 0.855 to 0.88Vulcanisate PropertiesHardness ( Shore A Durometer ) 30 to 95 Tensile Strength ( MPa ) 7 to 21 Compaction Set B, ( % ) 20 to 60 Elongation ( % ) 100 to 600 Useful Temperature Range ( A °C ) -50 to +160 Tear Resistance Fair to Good Abrasion Resistance Good to Excellent Resilience Fair to Good Electrical Properties Excellent EPDM is the fastest turning man-made gum elastic having to its superior ozone and thermic opposition over other diene gum elastics and its burden of fillers and plasticizers to an highly high degree [ 18 ] . EPDM has found widespread applications in [ 18 ] : Automotive applications, such as seals, hosieries and profiles ; Construction applications, such as roof sheeting, profiles, and seals ; Electrical overseas telegrams and jacketing ; Moulded contraption parts ; besides is Blended with other gum elastics and thermoplastics.EPDM RUBBER FORMULATIONFillers for EPDM RubberDue to the non-crystallising nature of EPDM gum elastic, support is required for EPDM gum elastic, since the mechanical belongingss of the unfilled gum elastic are rather hapless. Carbon black is the most widely used filler for reenforcing EPDM gum elastics, but silicon oxide, clay, talc and some other mineral fillers are besides used [ 19 ] . Increasingly, more attending is being paid to silica [ 1, 2, 4, 15, 16, 21-25 ] . To accomplish full development of support by reenforcing fillers in EPDM gum elastics, C black and other fillers must be good dispersed. Good support can give EPDM gum elastics with high tensile strength, good tear opposition and improved scratch opposition. Furthermore, a well-mixed batch besides improves the processability for bulge, calendaring and modeling [ 19 ] . The reenforcing fillers and their effects on EPDM gum elastics will be discussed in item in Sections 4 and 5.Remedy Systems for EPDM RubberAs mentioned before, the incorporation of unsaturation sites allows the sulfur vulcanising of EPDM rubber. Sulphur remedy is the most widely used method, busying about 80 % of EPDM applications [ 17 ] . EPDM gum elastic can besides be vulcanised in a peroxide remedy system. Rubber vulcanised by sulfur remedy system can suit more emphasis and exhibit higher elongation at interruption, while the advantage of peroxide remedy over sulphur remedy is the formation of thermo-stable carbon-carbon bonds alternatively of thermo-labile sulphur-sulphur bonds, as the dissociation temperature and energy of sulphur-sulphur bonds is lower than that of carbon-carbon bonds [ 17, 26 ] . Hence higher effectivity of heat opposition of EPDM gum elastic can be obtained by peroxide remedy systems. The treatment of remedy systems for EPDM gum elastics will be unwrapped in Section 6.Other AdditivesOther normally used additives in EPDM rubber compounds are plasticizers, s ofteners and treating AIDSs. Naphthenic oils have been the most widely used plasticizers as they have the best compatibility with EPDM gum elastic and lowest cost. Paraffinic oils are normally used for elevated-temperature applications or in colored compounds due to the lower volatility and higher UV stableness. Stearic acid, Zn stearic and other internal lubricators are frequently used as processing AIDSs in EPDM rubber compounds. The presence of tackifier or non is dependent on if there is a demand for presenting tack as EPDM gum elastic compounds are inherently non tacky [ 19 ] . Different preparations of EPDM rubber compounds consequence in a assortment of applications. A typical formula for C black-filled EPDM gum elastic for sheeting application is shown in Table 2 below. Tiwari and colleagues [ 27 ] studied consequence of different interventions of silicon oxide on silica-filled EPDM gum elastic belongingss and the basic preparation for silanised silica-filled gum elastic is given in Table 3. Table 2 Typical formula for C black-filled EPDM sheeting [ 19 ] Components Amount ( phr ) EPDM A 100 N – 347 black 120 Talc 30 PARAFFINIC oil type 103B 95 Zinc oxide 5 Stearic acid 1 MBTS 2.2 TMTD 0.65 TETD 0.65 Sulfur 0.75 Table 3 Basic preparation for silanised silica-filled individual EPDM gum elastic Components Amount ( phr ) EPDM 100 Silica 50 ZnO 5 Stearic acid 2.0 Silane ( TESPT ) 4 Sulfur 1.04 N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2- sulphonamide ( CBS ) 1.5 Tetramethylthiuram disulphide ( TMTD ) 0.8 Zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate ( ZBEC ) 1.5Fillers USED IN EPDM RUBBERCarbon Black: A Conventional FillerCarbon inkinesss are the most widely used reenforcing fillers in gum elastic industry since the find of their effectivity of bettering the physical and mechanical belongingss of natural elastomers in 1904 [ 12 ] . Different classs of C black have been used in EPDM gum elastics for industrial applications, such as roof sheeting and automotive profiles and many research workers have studied about the mechanical behavior of C black reinforced EPDM gum elastics. Ghosh and Chakrabarti [ 28 ] reported effects of different sums of C inkinesss on the physical and mechanical belongingss, ageing behavior and conduction of EPDM rubber compounds and the rheological behavior of EPDM gum elastic in bulge processing. Osanaiye [ 29 ] used sinusoidal shear flows to analyze the effects of C black, temperature and shear frequence on dynamic mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber compounds. The effects of different sums of carry oning C black filler on thaw rheology and relaxation behavior of healing free EPDM gum elastic by cone home base viscosimeter was reported by Ghosh and Chakrabarti [ 30 ] . Abd-El Salam and colleagues [ 31 ] used inactive and dynamic analysis to analyze consequence of different vulcanizing systems on the mechanical belongingss of butyl rubber/ EPDM general furnace black. Cavdar, S. et al [ 3 ] reported a comparative survey on mechanical, thermic, viscoelastic and rheological belongingss of cured C black filled EPDM gum elastic. There are many more illustrations of research on other facets of C black reinforced EPDM gum elastics. For illustration, conductive gum elastics have been made by adding conductive C inkinesss into EPDM and its blends by Das, N. C. et Al [ 32 ] . The electrical and mechanical belongingss have been studied.Silica: A Novel FillerRecently, man-made silicon oxide is going more popular as reenforcing filler in EPDM gum elastics because they have proved to be every bit effectual as C inkinesss [ 12 ] . Furthermore, silica offers several advantages over C black: in tyre paces, a higher wear opposition and better wet-grip with a lower turn overing opposition can be obtained by utilizing silicon oxide instead than carbon black [ 1 ] . Besides, silica-filled compounds are really suited for light coloring material applications.Problem and TreatmentsThe support of silicon oxide in EPDM gum elastic has non reached the coveted degree because of the hapless silica-EPDM bonding. The surfaces of sili con oxides have siloxane and silanol groups, which make the filler acidic and polar [ 7 ] while EPDM gum elastic is non-polar. When the polar silicon oxide is assorted with non-polar and olefinic hydrocarbon gum elastics, e.g. EPDM, hydrogen-bond interactions between polar siloxane or silanol groups in agglomerates are more likely to happen than the interactions between silicon oxide and rubber [ 1 ] , ensuing in hapless compatibility of hydrocarbon gum elastics with silicon oxide. Furthermore, the acidic silanol groups interact with the basic gas pedals, spread outing the remedy times to an unacceptable degree and take downing the crosslinking denseness [ 5 ] . The polar surface of silicon oxide will besides be given to absorb wet and this influences remedy and belongingss of the cured gum elastic [ 5 ] . Additionally, the viscousness increases with increasing sum of silicon oxide filler and if the viscousness is excessively high, the processability will be reduced and inordinate w ear and tear of the processing machine will take topographic point [ 5 ] . However, the handiness of specific matching agents makes the usage of silicon oxide in EPDM rubber compounds possible. Bifunctional organosilanes are normally used to better the compatibility between silicon oxide and hydrocarbon gum elastics by modifying the surfaces of silicon oxide [ 1 ] .Silanes and Silanised SilicaBifunctional silanes can be used to chemically associate an organic stuff to an inorganic substrate. The rule purpose of utilizing silanes to respond with silica involves cut downing ablating hydrophilicity of silicon oxide and presenting a new organo – functional groups onto the silicon oxide surfaces [ 1 ] . In the instance of sulphur-cured compounds, sulphur-functional silanes perform best and for peroxide-cured compounds, unsaturated silanes such as vinylsilanes are recommended. In footings of sulphur-cure systems, the usage of Bi ( 3-triethoxysilylpropyl- ) tetrasulphane ( TESPT ) ( Figure 3 ) as a yoke agent is good established, since foremost introduced in 1991 in a practical application in green tyres by Rauline [ 33 ] .. Figure 3 Chemical construction of TESPT TESPT possesses ethoxy groups and tetrasulphane groups. The ethoxy groups react with silanol groups on the silicon oxide surfaces via hydrolysis mechanism [ 33 ] , taking to the strong covalent silica-filler bonding. The tetrasulphane groups are no-good reactive and therefore stable rubber-silica bonding can be achieved via sulfur crosslinking. Bis ( 3-triethoxysilylpropyl ) -disulphane ( TESPD ) was subsequently introduced chiefly to get the better of the pro-scorching job of TESPT, as the sulphur-sulphur dissociation energy of TESPD was lower than that of TESPT [ 33 ] . The silanisation of silicon oxides are normally obtained by two attacks. Silica and silanes are assorted preliminarily at an optimal temperature and reaction clip, or, instead, they can be mixed in situ during the commixture procedure [ 5 ] . The latter is the more normally used method [ 34 ] . A good silanisation is required as it yields best support and reduces compound indurating during storage. A certain sum of H2O can speed up the silanisation. The optimum wet content is suggested to be around 3-6 % [ 34 ] . The chief influences on the in situ silanisation of silica-silane filled compounds are summarised in Figure 4. Furthermore, if silicon oxide is used in a blend with, e.g. , C black, relatively more silane is required as silane is less likely to make the silica surface quantitatively in a given commixture clip [ 34 ] . In these instances, silanised silicon oxide obtained by the pre-treatment is advisable. Optimum silanisation And Short commixture times Release of ethyl alcohol T a† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœand T a† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Release of ethyl alcohol Ta† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœand ta† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Good silicon oxide scattering I ·a† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœas Ta† Ã¢â‚¬Å" Complete matching reaction Ta† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ and T a† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Avoid pre-crosslinking T a† Ã¢â‚¬Å" and T a† Ã¢â‚¬Å" Fast transit procedures I ·a† Ã¢â‚¬Å"as T a† Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ High mobility of the silane ; little size Best rotor and blending chamber geometry Figure 4 chief influences on the silanisation reaction [ 34 ] Apart from sulphur vulcanization, the add-on of vinylsilanes is normally applied to better the mechanical belongingss of peroxide-cured compounds. The general construction of vinylsilanes is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 generalized construction of vinylsilanes In contrast to the reasonably high dose of sulphur-functional silanes in merchandises necessitating high mechanical belongingss, a strong support can be achieved by the incorporation of merely 2 parts by weight Si 225 ( VTEO ) per silicon oxide [ 34 ] . Adding more extremist instigator or activators can ensue in higher crosslink densenesss [ 34 ] . However, the applications of silanised silicon oxide are largely focused in natural gum elastic ( NR ) , styrene butadiene gum elastic ( SBR ) , and polybutadiene gum elastic ( BR ) . Very few research works has been published on the effects of silane on EPDM gum elastics, but there are still some. Kim [ 33 ] reported consequence of TESPD on the processability and mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber. Taikum and Luginsland [ 16 ] studied the function of silane-rubber yoke in sulfur, peroxide and metal oxide bring arounding systems for EPDM gum elastic. Das et al [ 4 ] showed that the presence of TEPST increased the content of bound gum elastic in silica-filled EPDM compounds, which was critical to the mechanical belongingss of the gum elastic.Other TreatmentsOther matching agents Besides silane, several other matching agents have been employed to modify the silica-EPDM bonding. Das et al [ 4 ] usage Bi diisopropyl thiophosphoryl disuli ¬?de ( DIPDIS ) , to modify EPDM rubber alternatively of silicon oxide by two-stage vulcanization technique. The effects of TAC ( Triallyl Cyanorate ) as a yoke agent on hardening and mechanical belongingss of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic were studied by Abtahi and associates [ 1 ] . Others methods Tiwari et al [ 23 ] treated the surfaces of silicon oxide by plasma-polymerisation with acetylene monomer and one twelvemonth subsequently, the comparative survey of plasma-thiophene and -acetylene coated silicon oxide in EPDM support was reported [ 27 ] . Tan and Isayev [ 22 ] treated silicon oxide utilizing a coaxal supersonic extruder and investigated the effects on belongingss of ultrasound-treated silicon oxide on filled EPDM gum elastic.Other fillersIn most instances, C black and silicon oxide are used to reenforce EPDM gum elastics. Some other sorts of fillers have been added to EPDM rubber matrix and their effects been investigated, affecting montmorillonite ( OMMT ) nanofiller [ 35 ] , nano-zinc oxide [ 36 ] , Sm2O3 [ 26 ] , short cyanuramide fibers [ 37 ] , ash/halloysite [ 38 ] and so on.Effects OF FILLERS ON PROPERTIES OF EPDM RUBBEREffectss of Carbon BlackAs mentioned before, research workers have studied a batch about the effects of adding C black on the mechanical belo ngingss of EPDM rubber, demoing that the belongingss were improved significantly [ 3, 28-32 ] . Cavdar and associates [ 3 ] reported that the Young ‘s modulus, Shore A hardness, and compaction force over distortion ranage increased with increasing content of C black, while the elongation at interruption reduced ( Figure 6 ) . Figure 6 Effectss of C black content on ( a ) mechanical belongingss ; and ( B ) rheological belongingss of EPDM rubber [ 3 ] . The Young ‘s modulus was most filler content medium as the value increased aggressively with sum of C black. In footings of rheological belongingss, increasing C black content resulted in higher upper limit torsion and the difference between upper limit and minimal torsion, which corresponded to relative crosslinking denseness. The optimal remedy clip decreased with increasing the filler content. Considerable research has been done to understand the mechanism of support. Two chief features of active inkinesss are their surface country and sum construction, which determine the inactive and dynamic in-rubber belongingss and therefore do it possible to orient the public presentation of gum elastic merchandises.Effectss of SilicaEffectss of silicon oxide on the mechanical belongingss of EPDM gum elasticWithout silanes The effectivity of silicon oxide as reenforcing filler in EPDM gum elastic was confirmed by Ichzo and colleagues [ 2 ] who showed that tensile strength had improved by 500 % , tear strength by 400 % and elongation at interruption at 140 % by adding 20 phr of precipitated silicon oxide. They used silicon oxide with different size and demonstrated that an increasing inclination of tensile strength can be achieved when the size of silica atom decreased. The hardness of EPDM gum elastic increased with the filler burden but it was non particle size dependant. They besides found that silicon oxide sums size distribution affected the mechanical belongingss and it deserved more attending. With silanes Das [ 4 ] indicated that the Young ‘s modulus, tensile strength and crosslinking value of silica-filled EPDM gum elastics increased well when 1-2 phr of TESPT was added, while the elongation at interruption decreased, as illustrated in Figure 7 below. ( B ) ( a ) ( vitamin D ) ( degree Celsius ) ( degree Fahrenheit ) ( vitamin E ) Figure 7 Consequence of TESPT on the mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber compounds: ( a ) modulus at 100 % elongation ; ( B ) modulus at 300 % elongation ; ( degree Celsius ) tensile strength ; ( vitamin D ) hardness ; ( vitamin E ) elongation at interruption ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) crosslinking value [ 4 ] .Consequence of silicon oxide on treating belongings of EPDM gum elasticAs mentioned earlier, adding silicon oxide to EPDM gum elastic will do the processing more hard as the viscousness increases significantly when a large sum of silicon oxide is involved [ 5 ] . However, the handiness of silanes such as TESPT or TESPD weaken the interaction between silica atoms as the ethoxy groups in silane react with the surfaces of silicon oxide by the silanol groups, taking to a alteration in interfaces between the polymer-polymer, polymer-silica and silica-silica [ 33 ] . Hence, it reduces the viscousness and improves the processability of the gum elastic compounds [ 5 ] . Kim [ 33 ] reported that the add-on of TESPD to silica-filled EPDM gum elastic yielded lower Mooney viscousness, heat coevals and bulge force per unit area build-up through an extruder, which made treating easier.Effectss of silicon oxide on thermic belongings of EPDM gum elasticMadani [ 39 ] studied the thermic belongings of gamma radiation cured silica-filled EPDM via thermohydrometric analysis ( TGA ) and demonstrated that the presence of silicon oxide reduced the rate of debasement and the weight loss of vulcanisates. This was due to the improved adhesion between silicon oxide and EPDM rubber matrix. He besides stated that thermic belongings of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic was determined by the burden of filler, filler size and construction, filler-matrix interactions and processing technique.Consequence of silicon oxide on the ageing belongings of EPDM gum elasticAirplanes et al [ 15, 40 ] used gamma radiation to age unfilled and filled EPDM gum elastics at room temperature and at 80A °C to analyze the influence of silicon oxide on the gum elastic debasement. They evidenced that adding untreated silicon oxide accelerated the polymer stage debasement due to the formation of auxiliary groups triggered by silica irradiation. If silane-treated silicon oxide was presented, the debasement acceleration was delayed.Effectss of silicon oxide on the electrical belongings of EPDM gum elasticRaw EPDM gum elastic is an dielectric with a conduction of about 10-14 S-1 [ 39 ] . It was proved that the add-on of inorganic fillers such as silicon oxide increased the condu ction of polymer [ 39 ] . Madani [ 39 ] investigated the fluctuation of dielectric changeless ( ) of some healed EPDM and silica-filled EPDM gum elastics as a map of frequence and found that was filler content dependant: it increased up to 10 phr, and so decreased with increasing burden. He pointed that the addition was due to the polar groups present on silicon oxide surfaces, and that the lessening was due to the increasing system denseness and the extent of orientation of dipoles.Effectss of scattering of silicon oxide on the belongingss of EPDM gum elasticFiller scattering has a distinguishable consequence on the belongingss of gum elastic compounds. Poor scattering has a negative consequence on gum elastic belongingss by making structural defects [ 5 ] . Polmanteer and Lentz [ 41 ] demonstrated that some belongingss such as tensile strength and tear strength improved as the filler scattering quality increased after they examined consequence of scattering of silicon oxide on the belongingss of some sulphur-cured gum elastics. To obtain a better scattering of fillers in gum elastic compounds, increasing commixture clip is an efficient method, nevertheless, at the cost of take downing the molecular weight of polymer, which leads to the decrease in mechanical belongingss [ 5 ] . The grade of scattering of filler can be examined by microscopy methods, such as negatron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.CURE SYSTEMS FOR EPDM RUBBERSulphur Cure systemsEvery gum elastic merchandise is vulcanised with its ain specific remedy system, ensuing in assorted belongingss. As already mentioned, the incorporation of pendent unsaturation sites enables that EPDM rubber to be vulcanised by sulphur plus gas pedals. Sulphur remedy is the most widely used vulcanising method for bring arounding EPDM gum elastics, representing about 80 % of the EPDM applications [ 17 ] . Compared with peroxide-cured EPDM gum elastics, sulphur-cured gum elastic compounds are able to suit more e mphasis and exhibit higher elongation at interruption. Basically, three types of sulfur crosslinks are used in elastomers, viz. , monosuphfidic ( C-S-C ) , disulphidic ( C-S2-C ) and polysuphidic ( C-Sn-C ) . The crosslink denseness and the value of Ns are chiefly determined by vulcanizing system and procedure conditions such as remedy temperature and clip. Over the old ages three particular types of remedy systems have been established based on the degree of sulfur and the ratio of accelerator-to-sulphur applied. They are: Efficient vulcanization ( EV ) systems, Semi-efficient vulcanization ( SEV ) systems and Conventional vulcanization ( CONV ) systems. EV systems are characterised by a high ratio of accelerator-to-sulphur or even sulphurless, but incorporating sulphur-donor alternatively. They are normally used in vulcanisates which require an highly high heat and reversion opposition [ 42 ] . CONV systems are vulcanisation systems with a low ratio of gas pedals to sulfur and they can supply better flex and dynamic belongingss but worse thermal and reversion opposition. A semi-efficient remedy system has an accelerator-to-sulphur ratio in between those of the CONV and EV vulcanization systems. For SEV systems, optimal degrees of mechanical and dynamic belongingss of vulcanisates with intermediate heat, reversion and flex belongingss can be obtained [ 42 ] . The composings of CONV, SEV and EV systems are shown in Table 4. Table 4 the degrees of gas pedals and sulfur in CONV, SEV and EV systems [ 42 ] Type Sulphur ( phr ) Accelerator ( phr ) A/S ratio CONV 2.0-3.5 1.2-0.4 0.1-0.6 SEV 1.0-1.7 2.5-1.2 0.7-2.5 Electron volt 0.4-0.8 5.0-2.0 2.5-12 Increasing accelerator-to-sulphur ratio consequences in increased sum of shorter mono- and disulphidic crosslinks. As the dissociation energy of C-C bonds are larger than that of S-S bonds. Vulcanisates obtained by EV and SEV systems possess a better heat and reversion opposition than those cured by CONV systems. The general influences of the type of vulcanization systems on the construction and belongingss of the vulcanisates are summarised in Table 5. Table 5 vulcanisate construction and belongingss for different remedy systems Features Remedy systems CONV SEV Electron volt Poly-and disulphidic crosslinks ( % ) 95 50 20 Monosulphidic crosslinks ( % ) 5 50 80 Cyclic sulfide ( conc. ) High Medium Low Non-sulphidic ( conc. ) High Medium Low Reversion opposition Low Medium High Heat ageing opposition Low Medium High Fatigue opposition High Medium Low Heat construct up High Medium Low Tear opposition High Medium Low Compaction set ( % ) High Medium Low Furthermore, nitrosamine free or safe hardening bundles were developed for the replacing of remedy systems which develop nitrosamines during vulcanization. N-nitrosamines formed during vulcanization as condensation merchandises from certain gas pedals and azotic gasses and are carcinogenic [ 43 ] . They are generated from some thiuram and dithiocarbamates gas pedals, which are known as ultra-accelerators and normally used in EPDM gum elastic intensifying [ 43 ] . Traditional ultra-accelerators can be replaced by nitrosamine-free systems, but at disbursal of high costs. About all imaginable combination of bring arounding ingredients for EPDM rubber compounds have been evaluated over the old ages [ 42 ] . Five typical remedy systems are listed in Table 6. The alternate nitrosamine free or safe remedy systems are suggested in Table 7. Table 6 Five remedy systems for EPDM rubber [ 42 ] Systems ( phr ) Advantages Disadvantages System 1 Low cost Blooming S 1.5 TMTD 1.5 2-mercaptobenzothiazole ( MBT ) 0.5 System 2 Excellent physical belongingss and fast remedy Scorchy and expensive S 2.0 MBT 1.5 Tellurium diethyl dithiocarbamate ( TDEC ) 0.8 Dipentamethyl thiuram tetrasulphide ( DPTT ) 0.8 TMTD 0.8 System 3 Excellent compaction set and good heat ageing opposition Bloom and really high cost S 0.5 Zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate ( ZDBC ) 3.0 Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate ( ZDMC ) 3.0 4,4'dithiodimorpholine ( DTDM ) 2.0 TMTD 3.0 System 4 Non-blooming Cure comparatively slow and worse compaction set S 2.0 2,2†²-dithiobenzothiaole ( MBTS ) ZDBC 2.5 TMTD 0.8 System 5 Zinc O, O-dibutylphosphorodithioate ( ZBPD ) 2.0 TMTD 1.0 N-butylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide ( TBBS ) 2.0 S 1.0 Fast remedy and good physical belongingss Blooming Table 7 Some NA free options for the remedy systems above [ 42 ] Systems NA free optionsSystem 1S 1.5 S 1.3 MBT 0.5 MBT 0.75 TMTD 1.5 CBS 3.8System 2S 2.0 S 1.5 MBT 1.5 ZMBT 2.0 TDEC 0.8 ZBEC 0.5 DPTT 0.8 ZBPD 2.0System 5ZBPD 2.0 ZBPD 2.5 TMTD 1.0 0 TBBS 2.0 TBBS 2.0 S 1.0 S 1.2 Besides, an activator, such as Zn oxide, is normally needed in EPDM remedy systems to maximize the efficiency of gas pedals and chemical adhesion between the filler and gum elastic.Silanised Silica: a â€Å" Crosslinking Filler †An of import issue must be considered sing the sulphur remedy systems for silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic is the fact that the usage of sulphur-functional silanes such as TESPT combine silicon oxide with sulfur into one individual merchandise known as a â€Å" crosslinking filler † [ 6 ] , such as silanised silicon oxide. It can non merely better the mechanical belongingss of gum elastic, but besides can bring forth crosslinks between the gum elastic ironss at elevated temperatures in the presence of gas pedals due to the sulphur-containing groups. Therefore, the vulcanization procedure can be achieved without elemental sulfur being present [ 6 ] . Research has shown that the mechanical belongingss of some vulcanisates improved signific antly in malice of the decrease in the usage of the hardening chemicals [ 6 ] . It was demonstrated that during the vulcanization procedure the formation of both rubber matrix crosslinking web and silica-rubber yoke web occurred at the same time and did non separate. In the presence of elemental sulfur, the two different crosslinking reactions compete for the added sulfur as the sulphur-functional silanes like TESPT are sulphur acceptor [ 34 ] . Therefore the crosslinking construction and the support are determined by the sums of silane and sulfur. The influence of adding different sums of sulfur and silane on the matrix and silica-rubber yoke webs is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 consequence of the sum of ( a ) added sulfur and ( B ) silane ( TSEPT ) on the crosslinking densenesss of matrix and silica-rubber yoke [ 34 ] It is apparent that increased sum of sulfur enhances the efficiency of the silica-rubber yoke until all the silane is activated. Initially, a little grade of addition in the matrix crosslink denseness is observed, due to the ingestion of free sulfur by the activation of silane. After the full activation of silane, the matrix crosslink denseness additions much faster. With regard to the increasing sum of silane at a changeless sum of sulfur, the entire figure of silica-rubber bonds additions while the degree of the matrix crosslink denseness reduces, owing to the incorporation of sulfur by the silane [ 34 ] . Furthermore, in the instance of TESPD, a disulphide silane, the consequence is more important. Therefore it can be concluded that altering the sum of elemental sulfur and silane consequences in different ratios of the matrix and silica-rubber webs [ 34 ] . Furthermore, mechanical belongingss of silanised silica-filled gum elastic can be predicted because silica-rubber yoke domina tes the modulus and hydrophobation lowers hardness values. Some elaborate effects of silane on the mechanical public presentation of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic have been presented in Section 5.2.1.Peroxide Cure systemsOverviewCrosslinking with peroxides was foremost introduced in 1915, but did n't pull excessively much attending until the development of to the full saturated ethylene-propylene copolymers ( EPM ) [ 42 ] . Many sorts of elastomers can be vulcanised by peroxide remedy systems expeditiously, including NR, SBR, EPDM, BR, nitrile gum elastic, Silicones and fluorocarbon elastomers [ 42 ] . The unsaturation can better the efficiency of peroxide vulcanization [ 17 ] , due to the higher concentration of allylic Hs [ 42 ] . The comparative efficiency of peroxide crosslinking for different elastomers is: BR & gt ; NR and SBR & gt ; NBR & gt ; CR & gt ; EPDM The advantages and disadvantages of peroxide remedy compared to sulfur vulcanization are listed in Table 8 [ 42 ] : Table 8 Advantages and disadvantage of peroxide remedy compared with sulphur remedy Advantages Disadvantages Thermo-stable C-C bonds alternatively of thermo-labile S-S bonds, Scorch free storage of compounds, Simple compound preparation, Low compaction set even at high remedy temperature, It is possible to bring around at high temperatures without reversion, Good electrical belongingss of healed gum elastic, No stain of compounds. Low intensifying flexibleness ; Lack of flexibleness in modulating singe and optimal remedy clip Inferior tensile, tear and flex public presentation, Inferior scratch opposition Higher cost, Sensitivity to oxygen during vulcanization, Smells of peroxide decomposition merchandises.Peroxide remedy of EPDMPeroxide-cured EPDM gum elastics are being widely used for many old ages. They are normally used in window seals, automotive hosieries, roof sheeting, tanking liner, electrical insularities, steam hosieries, roll coverings moldings and so on [ 42 ] .Mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM gum elasticThe mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM gum elastic and the subsequent practical effects have been reviewed by new wave Duin and colleagues [ 17, 44, 45 ] . In the by and large accepted mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM, the major stairss are illustrated in Figure 9. Figure 9 Mechanism for peroxide remedy of EPDM [ 17, 44, 45 ] Thermal debasement of the peroxide initiated by procedure triggered a concatenation of free-radical reactions, taking to the formation of primary alkoxy ( ROaˆ? ) or secondary alkyl groups ( Raˆ? ) . Then the abstraction of H-atoms from the EPDM polymer outputs EPDM macro-radicals ( EPDMaˆ? ) . The following measure is the combination of two EPDM macro-radicals, or the incorporation of a macro-radical to an EPDM unsaturation. If a yoke agent, such as vinylsilanes mentioned in Section 4.2.1.1 ( TAC, trimethylolpropane or m-phenylenbis ( maleimide ) ) , is present, the peroxide remedy efficiency can be increased, as they can heighten the H-atoms abstraction and the undermentioned reactions are repressed [ 1, 17 ] : EPDMaˆ? + ROaˆ? a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ EPDM – RO ( No crosslinking ) EPDMaˆ? a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢EPDMaˆ? ‘ + ( I?-Scission ) The issues of the elaborate mechanism of peroxide vulcanization of EPDM gum elastic remain unfastened, chiefly having to the complexness of the system. Several surveies have been conducted to see farther apprehension of the chemical mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM [ 46, 47 ] .Matching agents for peroxide remedy of silica-filled EPDM gum elasticAs antecedently stated, vinylsilanes are normally incorporated in peroxide remedy systems for silica-filled EPDM gum elastic to better vulcanization efficiency and mechanical public presentation of vulcanisates. The effectivity of TAC as a yoke agent for peroxide vulcanization of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic was investigated by Abtahi et al [ 1 ] and concluded that TAC matching agent improved some belongingss such as tensile strength, scratch and resiliency opposition with a proper preparation. They besides used SEM to hold a deep penetration in the interaction between silica filler and gum elastic in the presence of TAC and found that t he grade of support was chiefly affected by the grade of wettability.New DevelopmentsReducing the sulfur content consequences in vulcanisates with better thermal opposition throughout service life, nevertheless, this is at the disbursal of decrease in mechanical public presentations such as dynamic weariness opposition and tear opposition. This via media can be eliminated by utilizing two additives, viz. hexamethylene-1, 6-bisthiosulphate ( HTS ) , a station vulcanization stabilizer and 1, 3-bis ( citraconimidomethyl ) benzine, an anti-reversion agent [ 42 ] . Vulcanization techniques have effects on EPDM gum elastics. Das [ 4 ] studied the efficiency of one-stage and two-stage sulfur vulcanization techniques of silica- filled EPDM gum elastics and reported that alteration of EPDM gum elastic by two-stage vulcanization technique enhanced the interactions between EPDM rubber and silicon oxide. Furthermore, assorted remedy systems can besides be employed to heighten the public presentation of vulcanisates.Undertaking PlanThe overall purpose of this undertaking is to prove some sulfur and peroxide remedy systems to bring around silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic to bring forth a gum elastic with good mechanical belongingss utilizing a suited hardening system. The undertaking programs are: Prepare silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic compounds with peroxide and bring around the gum elastic with gas pedal and activator via the sulfur in the silane ; Use C black and silanised silicon oxide nanofillers in EPDM gum elastic to measure their effects on the mechanical belongingss of the gum elastic ; Remedy and step the mechanical belongingss of filled EPDM gum elastic to set up consequence of the bring arounding systems and fillers on the gum elastic belongingss.